{"id":23861,"date":"2026-05-13T15:43:38","date_gmt":"2026-05-13T13:43:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/roder.it\/controles\/temperature\/thermometres-a-infrarouge-ir\/"},"modified":"2026-09-29T12:03:41","modified_gmt":"2026-09-29T10:03:41","slug":"thermometres-a-infrarouge-ir","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/roder.it\/fr\/controles\/temperature\/thermometres-a-infrarouge-ir\/","title":{"rendered":"Thermom\u00e8tres \u00e0 infrarouge (IR)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Les thermom\u00e8tres \u00e0 infrarouge (pyrom\u00e8tres IR) sont des instruments sans contact pour la mesure de la temp\u00e9rature de surface des corps, fond\u00e9s sur la d\u00e9tection du rayonnement thermique \u00e9mis naturellement par tout corps \u00e0 une temp\u00e9rature sup\u00e9rieure au z\u00e9ro absolu, selon la loi de Stefan-Boltzmann et la loi de Planck. Le rayonnement infrarouge (longueur d’onde de 0,7 \u00e0 100 \u00b5m) est capt\u00e9 par un capteur (pyrocapteur, microbolom\u00e8tre, capteur quantique), focalis\u00e9 par une optique, trait\u00e9 par l’\u00e9lectronique et affich\u00e9 comme temp\u00e9rature sur l’\u00e9cran. Ils sont largement utilis\u00e9s dans l’industrie, la maintenance pr\u00e9dictive, le b\u00e2timent, l’agroalimentaire, la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et le contr\u00f4le de proc\u00e9d\u00e9, pour la rapidit\u00e9 de mesure, l’absence de contact et la possibilit\u00e9 de mesurer des points inaccessibles. <\/p>\n

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Principe physique<\/h2>

Tout corps \u00e0 la temp\u00e9rature T \u00e9met un rayonnement thermique dont le spectre est d\u00e9crit par la loi de Planck, avec un pic \u00e0 une longueur d’onde inversement proportionnelle \u00e0 T (loi de Wien : \u03bb_max\u00b7T = 2898 \u00b5m\u00b7K). L’intensit\u00e9 totale est proportionnelle \u00e0 T\u2074 (loi de Stefan-Boltzmann : W = \u03b5\u00b7\u03c3\u00b7T\u2074, o\u00f9 \u03b5 est l’\u00e9missivit\u00e9 du mat\u00e9riau et \u03c3 la constante de Stefan-Boltzmann). Le pyrom\u00e8tre mesure l’intensit\u00e9 du rayonnement dans une bande spectrale d\u00e9finie par l’optique et le capteur, et calcule T connaissant l’\u03b5 du mat\u00e9riau. L’\u00e9missivit\u00e9 varie selon le mat\u00e9riau (corps noirs \u03b5\u22481 ; m\u00e9taux polis \u03b5=0,1-0,3 ; mat\u00e9riaux organiques et plastiques \u03b5=0,9-0,95) et doit \u00eatre correctement r\u00e9gl\u00e9e dans l’instrument pour obtenir des mesures exactes. <\/p>

Caract\u00e9ristiques des instruments<\/h2>

Les pyrom\u00e8tres portables couvrent des plages typiques de -30 \u00b0C \u00e0 +500 \u00b0C (mod\u00e8les g\u00e9n\u00e9raux) jusqu’\u00e0 +2000 \u00b0C et au-del\u00e0 (mod\u00e8les pour la m\u00e9tallurgie). L’exactitude typique est de \u00b11 \u00b0C ou \u00b11 % de la valeur lue. La r\u00e9solution est de 0,1 \u00b0C. La distance de travail et la taille de la cible sont caract\u00e9ris\u00e9es par le rapport D:S (distance-to-spot ratio, typiquement de 10:1 jusqu’\u00e0 50:1 sur les mod\u00e8les de haute qualit\u00e9). Un pointeur laser (visible en point ou en cercle) facilite le ciblage du point de mesure. Les fonctions avanc\u00e9es comprennent l’\u00e9missivit\u00e9 r\u00e9glable, max\/min\/moy, des seuils d’alarme, un enregistreur de donn\u00e9es et une sortie Bluetooth\/USB. Les mod\u00e8les \u00e0 double optique (t\u00e9lescopique et standard) couvrent des applications diff\u00e9rentes. <\/p>

Bandes spectrales<\/h2>

Les pyrom\u00e8tres se distinguent par leur bande spectrale : short wavelength (1-2 \u00b5m, pour les hautes temp\u00e9ratures et les m\u00e9taux, insensibles \u00e0 l’\u00e9missivit\u00e9 en mode dual-color) ; medium wavelength (3-5 \u00b5m, pour de nombreuses applications industrielles, excellents pour le verre et les c\u00e9ramiques) ; long wavelength (8-14 \u00b5m, pour les basses et moyennes temp\u00e9ratures, excellents pour la CVC et les mat\u00e9riaux organiques). Le choix de la bande d\u00e9pend de la temp\u00e9rature typique (privil\u00e9gier la bande contenant le pic d’\u00e9mission du mat\u00e9riau) et du mat\u00e9riau (certains mat\u00e9riaux sont transparents dans certaines bandes IR). <\/p>

Applications<\/h2>

Les applications sont tr\u00e8s vari\u00e9es : maintenance \u00e9lectrique (recherche de points chauds sur des tableaux MT\/BT, des moteurs et des postes \u00e9lectriques) ; maintenance m\u00e9canique (roulements, freins, arbres, ventilateurs) ; inspections du b\u00e2timent (d\u00e9perditions thermiques, ponts thermiques, int\u00e9grit\u00e9 de l’isolation) ; industrie agroalimentaire et HACCP (contr\u00f4le de la temp\u00e9rature des produits, moins exact que les sondes \u00e0 contact mais beaucoup plus rapide) ; industrie papeti\u00e8re (s\u00e9cheurs) ; plastique (lignes de soufflage de film, thermoformage) ; m\u00e9tallurgie (fours, laminage, forgeage, contr\u00f4le de coul\u00e9e) ; applications m\u00e9dicales (d\u00e9pistage corporel, moniteurs m\u00e9dicaux) ; s\u00e9curit\u00e9 incendie.<\/p>

Limites li\u00e9es \u00e0 l’\u00e9missivit\u00e9<\/h2>

La principale limite de la pyrom\u00e9trie IR est sa d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 l’\u00e9missivit\u00e9 du mat\u00e9riau : les surfaces m\u00e9talliques polies (\u03b5\u22480,1) donnent des mesures tr\u00e8s incertaines si l’\u03b5 n’est pas connu exactement. Pour surmonter cette limite, on utilise : des pyrom\u00e8tres dual-color ou ratio (mesure simultan\u00e9e dans deux bandes spectrales, le rapport \u00e9tant ind\u00e9pendant de l’\u00e9missivit\u00e9 en premi\u00e8re approximation) ; l’application de peinture noire mate ou de ruban adh\u00e9sif noir (\u03b5\u22480,95) comme pastille d’\u00e9missivit\u00e9 connue au point de mesure ; la mesure indirecte sur des parties du syst\u00e8me d’\u00e9missivit\u00e9 connue (capots internes, cavit\u00e9s, hublots d’observation) ; l’\u00e9talonnage au moyen d’un thermom\u00e8tre \u00e0 contact de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence. <\/p>

Normes et \u00e9talonnage<\/h2>

Les pyrom\u00e8tres IR sont caract\u00e9ris\u00e9s m\u00e9trologiquement selon VDI\/VDE 3511 et ASTM E2847. L’\u00e9talonnage s’effectue avec des corps noirs de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 des temp\u00e9ratures connues, certifi\u00e9s ISO 17025, sur au moins 3 \u00e0 5 points de la plage de mesure. La p\u00e9riodicit\u00e9 typique est annuelle, ou selon l’intensit\u00e9 d’utilisation et les exigences du client. <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pyrom\u00e8tres IR et thermom\u00e8tres \u00e0 infrarouge sans contact pour la mesure de temp\u00e9rature de surface.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":157040980,"featured_media":0,"parent":19445,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"","_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"","_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_wpcom_ai_launchpad_about_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_gallery_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_contact_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_events_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_video_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_portfolio_piece":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-23861","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nThermom\u00e8tres \u00e0 infrarouge (IR) - RODER SRL<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" 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