<\/div>\n
Portable moisture meters<\/h2>
Portable contact moisture meters use a plate sensor placed on the stack of paper or on the reel, measuring capacitively the change in dielectric constant as a function of moisture. The typical range is 3-12% moisture by mass, with an accuracy of \u00b10.5-1%. The response is fast (a few seconds) and use is extremely simple. Advanced digital models incorporate: a database of paper types (with calibration curves for each grammage and composition); statistical functions; GO\/NOGO thresholds; and data output for archiving. Pin models also exist for spot measurement on single sheets (more precise but slower). <\/p>
Laboratory moisture meters<\/h2>
The quality control laboratories of paper mills use thermogravimetric balances or drying ovens to determine paper moisture by the ISO 287 gravimetric method: a sample of known area (generally 100 cm\u00b2 or 200 cm\u00b2) is weighed, dried in an oven at 105 \u00b0C for 1-4 hours to constant weight, and reweighed; the percentage difference gives moisture with excellent accuracy (\u00b10.1%). The method is destructive and slow, reserved for formal checks and for validating electronic in-line instruments. <\/p>
In-line sensors<\/h2>
Paper machines are fitted with in-line sensors for continuous moisture measurement: multi-wavelength IR sensors (exploiting the IR absorption of water in specific spectral bands); microwave sensors (measuring the attenuation of high-frequency electromagnetic waves); scanning capacitive sensors (with a measuring head that traverses the width of the machine); and NMR sensors (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, for very high in-line accuracy). The data are integrated with the machine control system for automatic regulation of speed, steam and drying. <\/p>
Applications<\/h2>
The applications include: the paper mill itself (moisture control on the paper machine to regulate dryers and calenders); quality control of finished reels before shipping; acceptance of recovered paper deliveries for recycling (moisture is a contractual matter – a damper bale weighs more but is worth less); printing and converting (checking paper moisture before printing – the wrong moisture causes print defects, distortion and register problems); storage warehouses (checking moisture to plan climate control); and the packaging industry (moisture in corrugated board for boxes, where it affects compression strength).<\/p>
Test standards<\/h2>
The reference standards are: UNI EN ISO 287 (gravimetric method, the international reference – moisture in paper by drying); TAPPI T412 (equivalent, the US reference for board); TAPPI T550 (moisture by capacitive method); UNI ISO 638 (for pulp). The standardized test conditions are a temperature of 23 \u00b0C and 50% RH, with the sample conditioned for at least 4 hours in a controlled atmosphere. Acceptance moisture specifications depend on the product: typically 5-7% for printing paper, 6-9% for board and 7-10% for corrugated board. <\/p>
Selection criteria<\/h2>
The choice of paper moisture meter depends on the application: formal laboratory quality control uses thermogravimetric balances to ISO 287; quick checks in production call for portable capacitive meters with a paper database; continuous in-line measurement uses IR or microwave sensors built into the machine; and for acceptance testing of deliveries, portable instruments with good accuracy (typically \u00b10.5%) are adequate.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Portable and laboratory moisture meters for the paper industry, recovered paper and pulp.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":157040980,"featured_media":0,"parent":19473,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"","_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"","_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_wpcom_ai_launchpad_about_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_gallery_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_contact_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_events_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_video_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_portfolio_piece":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-22520","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\n
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