<\/div>\n
Piezoelectric accelerometers<\/h2>
A piezoelectric accelerometer consists of a seismic mass resting on a piezoelectric crystal (quartz, PZT ceramic, synthetic materials): the acceleration of the structure it is mounted on exerts a force on the mass, which the crystal converts into a proportional electric charge. The signal is amplified and displayed. The typical characteristics are: sensitivity 100 mV\/g (standard models) or 500-1000 mV\/g (high-sensitivity models for low vibration levels); range 0.5-10,000 g; passband 0.5-10,000 Hz; operating temperature -40 \u00b0C \/ +120 \u00b0C (standard versions), up to +250 \u00b0C for high-temperature applications. <\/p>
Vibration parameters<\/h2>
The standard parameters for evaluating vibration are: RMS acceleration (for high-frequency analysis, an indicator of bearing and gear damage); RMS velocity in mm\/s (the vibration severity parameter for rotating machinery, standardized in ISO 10816); peak-to-peak displacement in \u00b5m (for low-speed machines and unbalance problems); crest factor (the peak\/RMS ratio – an indicator of shocks such as the impacts of a faulty rolling element); and FFT spectral analysis (decomposition of the signal into frequencies for diagnosing specific faults). Advanced models measure in several directions at once (3 axes) and average over extended periods to reduce noise. <\/p>
Fault diagnosis<\/h2>
FFT spectral analysis makes it possible to diagnose specific faults: rotating unbalance (a peak at 1\u00d7 the rotation frequency); misalignment (peaks at 1\u00d7 and 2\u00d7 the rotation frequency, possibly with axial components); mechanical looseness (components at multiples of 1\u00d7 with sidebands); rolling bearing defects (the characteristic BPFO\/BPFI\/BSF\/FTF frequencies calculated from the bearing geometry); gear defects (gear mesh frequencies GMF = number of teeth \u00d7 shaft speed); pump cavitation (random broadband noise). A thorough knowledge of the characteristic frequencies is essential to the diagnosis. <\/p>
Applications<\/h2>
The industrial applications are: predictive maintenance of rotating machinery (reducing unplanned downtime, scheduling work before failure); acceptance testing of new machines (verifying conformity with the manufacturer’s specifications); periodic fleet surveys (collecting data on every machine in the plant for historical analysis and drift detection); dynamic rotor balancing (together with balancing machines); safety checks on cranes, lifts and industrial equipment; verification of dampers and anti-vibration mounts; and structural vibration analysis of buildings, bridges and infrastructure.<\/p>
Reference standards<\/h2>
The main standards are: ISO 10816 (Mechanical vibration – Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on non-rotating parts, parts 1-7 specific to machine types); ISO 7919 (vibration of rotating shafts); ISO 13373 (condition-based maintenance with vibration analysis); ISO 18434 (thermography for maintenance); ISO 1940-1 (balance quality of rigid rotors). Accelerometers are calibrated periodically on ISO 17025 calibrated shakers, typically once a year. <\/p>
Selection criteria<\/h2>
The choice of vibration meter depends on: the application (simple periodic checks \u2192 single-axis models displaying the basic quantities; advanced diagnostics \u2192 models with built-in FFT and spectral analysis); the frequency range required (which varies with the type of machine); sensor sensitivity (high sensitivity for low levels on large machines); datalogging and archiving functions for historical analysis; integration with PC software for advanced analysis and fleet management; and compliance with the applicable ISO standards.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Instruments for measuring vibration on rotating machinery: velocity, acceleration, displacement.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":157040980,"featured_media":0,"parent":19505,"menu_order":7,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"","_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"","_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_wpcom_ai_launchpad_about_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_gallery_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_contact_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_events_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_video_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_portfolio_piece":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-22308","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\n
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